Our goal is to identify genes that are differently expressed between clusters

Calculate effect sizes that capture differences in:

• mean expression level
• rank of expression
• proportion of cells expressing the gene

These are calculated in pairwise cluster comparisons.

• Log(fold change) of mean gene expression, standardized by the average standard deviation across the groups.
• Positive value indicates upregulation in the cluster of interest, and vice-versa.

• “Area Under the Curve” quantifies the ability to distinguish between two gene expression distributions.
• Measures the likelihood that a random cell in the cluster of interest has a higher expression of the gene than a random cell in the other cluster.
• Takes no account of the magnitude of gene expression.
• Ranges from 0 to 1, which can be interpreted as:
  • 1 = upregulation
  • 0 = downregulation
  • 0.5 = no difference

• Log(fold change) in the proportion of cells in which the gene is detected (counts > 0) in the cluster of interest versus the proportion of cells in which the gene is detected in the other cluster.
• Takes no account of the magnitude of gene expression.
• Positive values indicate that the gene is detected in more cells in the cluster of interest than the other cluster.

For each cluster the function computes the effect size scores between it and every other cluster.

scoreMarkers(
  sce, 
  groups = sce$louvain15      # clusters to compare
  block = sce$SampleGroup,    # covariates in statistical model
)

Outputs a list of DataFrame with summary statistics for the metrics we just covered (columns named with suffix cohen, AUC and detected).

• mean.X - mean score across all pairwise comparisons.
• min.X - minimum score obtained across all pairwise comparisons. Most stringent statistic: high score indicates upregulation relative to all other clusters.
• median.X - median score across all pairwise comparisons. More robust to outliers than the mean.
• max.X - maximum score obtained across all pairwise comparisons. The least stringent summary statistic: a high score only indicates that the gene is upregulated relative to at least one other cluster.
• rank.X - minimum ranking (“min-rank”) of that gene’s score across all clusters. A rank of 1 indicates that gene had the highest score in at least one of the pairwise comparisons.

• Understand what are we trying to compare with the different scores:

  • difference in mean expression
  • probability of being highly/lowly expressed
  • difference in probability of being expressed)

• Strictly speaking, identifying genes differentially expressed between clusters is statistically flawed, since the clusters were themselves defined based on the gene expression data itself. Validation is crucial as a follow-up from these analyses.

• Do not use batch-integrated expression data for calculating marker gene scores, instead, include batch in the statistical model (the scoreMarkers() function has the block argument to achieve this).

• Normalization strategy has a big influence on the results in differences in expression between cell and between clusters.

• A lot of what you get might be noise. Take two random set of cells and run DE and you probably with have a few significant genes with most of the commonly used tests.

• It’s important to assess and validate the results. Think of the results as hypotheses that need independent verification (e.g. microscopy, qPCR)